The quest to store large number of files in database or on regular file system began at a time when number of files to manage went beyond 1 million in one of our project. We started noticing a huge drop in performance of our windows server. After investigating we found out that using pure file system to store more then million files is really a bad solution. And following are key points.

1. Each operation of file open/close requires kernel operation, because it needs to do various security checks.
2. Every file operation requires some minimum locking mechanism which uses your cpu in kernel mode.
3. Above operations being kernel operations, they slow down entire server even if your file access may be of least priority then any transactional database operation.
4. Each services on server slows down.
5. Even operating system itself manages a file system database (typically known as File Allocation Table and similar names in other systems).
6. These databases are optimized but not for millions or trillions files. They are good to work under million files.
7. It causes huge fragmentation on your storage media.
8. Not only media, but even File System Database gets fragmented, leading to more slow down.
9. Durability of storage media also can reduce because of too much fragmented usage.
10. Backup and Restore operations take too long time. You can easily conduct an experiment, on any ftp client, try to upload only one 1Meg file and then try to upload 100 10KB files, although the total transfer is only 1Meg, you will notice uploading 100 files of smaller size takes longer.
11. Keeping track of changes/deleted items are even more difficult.
12. Tools for replication and change tracking for file systems aren’t available for huge file storages.
13. The web server will need write access to some folders which is always a big security hole.
14. And file system crash = operating system crash and thats  a huge challenge to bring it back up.
15. For transferring files you need to open ftp and develop some tools to replicate them.

Finally, after all these observations, we started considering other options.

1. Network File System, it looks promising, but even at other end of node, its simply an operating system. It still has same problems as mentioned above.
2. Distributed File Systems like Hadoop and other tools require too much of learning, management and I think they are good when you need file storage as huge as Facebook, Yahoo etc. We are mid size company and our need is 1TB for now.

Database Solution:

Finally we began testing database solution with MySQL and then we moved onto MS SQL, however both have good advantages and disadvantages that we will discuss further.

We have following advantages over file systems, and also I have provided solution detail later on this article.

1. Database systems have matured enough to handle large data easily today.
2. They use small number of files to store all relational data in well organized form.
3. They keep their database files open all the time, so the kernel operations of locks are reduced.
4. You can consider as if your load of entire server is now concentrated only on your database.
5. Databases are much advanced in terms of their scheduling of queries, you can reduce priority of your file database and database will easily offer more performance on other transactional databases.
6. Data storage is transactional, where else file systems are not completely transactional. And file systems require more programming to make them transactional.
7. Remember if its your customers data, even if its a small picture/icon any video.. if they are paying for your service then its better to store those media files in transactional storage.
8. Database crash doesnt crash entire server and nor even other databases on same server.
9. Backing up and restoring databases are easier because of the inbuilt tools.
10. Replication on database are much easier.
11. Change tracking is available on database.
12. Database access is standard its not dependent on ftp/http like tools.
13. Database can easily take over failures of neighbor nodes in network.
14. You can easily query database and do multiple operations on files.
15. The biggest point is, your web server does not need any write permission on any folder !!

Comparison between MySQL and MSSQL for file storage

1. MySQL offers replication over internet, MSSQL doesnt, you will have to write your own replication program.
2. MSSQL offers auto grow option for database file, with which you can reduce fragmentation. MySQL’s innodb doesnt have such option for database file auto grow method which leads to more fragmentation.
3. MSSQL offers easy incremental backup/restore and more over, in case of crash, you can use actual data folder files to restore, where else MySQL’s innodb doesnt support hot backups so either you buy their hotbackup tool or rely on mysql’s backup tool which is not incremental.
4. MSSQL costs $1600 for standard edition, where else MySQL innodb is free, but hotbackup or incremental backup tools will cost exactly the same. MSSQL wins over mysql for offering better file management and increasing disc durability.

Sample Solution

After reading various articles, we came to conclusion that storing entire file in one blob or image doesnt make sense as it will deteriorate performance like anything.

So we came with easy solution, which is already used by existing file systems. Thats “Breaking down file into smaller blobs, max 512kb”.

As MySQL and MSSQL both have network packet size limit, you should not store more then 512kb in one row. Otherwise you will have to increase network packet size and that will slow down database server. Following is easy small table structure we used.

Table: NSFiles

NSFileID (Auto Number) (bigint)
NSFileName (varchar 50)
NSContentType (varchar 100) ** This is most important for web access

Table: NSFileBlobs

NSFileBlobID (Auto Number) (bigint)
NSFileID (bigint) (indexed) (Reference of NSFiles.NSFileID)
NSBlobIndex (int)
NSBlobData (medium blob or image)

Following are Storage/Retrieval methods specified in C# with using Linq or any similar ORML tool.

//Upload Handler
NSFile file = new NSFile();
file.NSFileName = .....
file.NSContentType = Request.Files[0].ContentType;
file.Insert(); // <-- insert into database and get new unique NSFileID
byte[] buf = new byte[512000];
int i = 0;
using(MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(Request.Files[0].FileData))
{
int count = ms.Read(buf,0,512000);
while(count>0)
{
NSFileBlob blob  = new NSFileBlob();
blob.NSFileID = file.NSFileID;
blob.NSBlobIndex = i++;
if(count==512000)
{
blob.NSBlobData = buf;
}
else
{  // last blob will always be less then 512kb
blob.NSBlobData = new byte[count];
Buffer.BlockCopy(buf, 0 , blob.NSBlobData, 0 , count);
}
blob.Insert();
}
}

And following is simple code for Download Handler

// Download Handler
long fileID = long.Parse(Request.QueryString["FileID"]);
NSFile file = NSFile.Adapter.Get(fileID);
Response.ContentType = file.NSContentType; // important for web browser
// following line causes "Save As" box on client
Response.AddHeader("content-disposition","attachment;filename=\"" + file.NSFileName + "\"");
// following loops over all file blobs whose NSFileID is fileID and they are sorted by blob index
NSFileBlob.Adapter.ForEach(
NSFileBlob.Schema.NSFileID == fileID,
NSFileBlob.Schema.NSBlobIndex.SortAs(),
(t)=>{
Response.OutputStream.Write(t.NSBlobData,0,t.NSBlobData.Length);
}
);